What must be proven in a defamation case?

In a defamation case, one of the essential elements that must be proven is that the statement was made with the requisite level of intent, which can vary depending on the status of the parties involved. If the statements are made about a public figure, the plaintiff must prove "actual malice," meaning the statement was made with knowledge of its falsity or with a reckless disregard for the truth. For private individuals, the standard may be lower, focusing simply on negligence regarding the truth of the statement.

This focus on intent highlights the importance of the speaker's state of mind in determining whether defamation has occurred, making it essential to prove that the statement was made intentionally or with a certain level of fault.

The other options present concepts that do not align with the core requirements for proving defamation. While truth can be a defense in defamation cases, it is not necessary to prove for a successful claim. Statements made under oath are relevant in a legal context but are not a requirement for establishing defamation; such statements can also be defamatory if they meet the other criteria. Finally, defamation does not necessarily require proving physical harm, though damages can be a factor. Emotional distress or harm to reputation may suffice. Thus, establishing the intent behind